Canada: Prescription drugs are not covered by regular public insurance and must be covered by co-payments or private insurance. Some provinces provide subsidies for some prescription drugs, but not extensively.The cost of prescription drugs can be burdensome, and access to medications can be difficult, especially for low-income individuals and the elderly. Therefore, some states have prescription drug assistance programs, but there is no nationwide coverage.Canada: Waiting times between consultation and treatment are long, and waiting times for specialist consultations and surgeries are a particular challenge. This is due to a lack of medical resources while demand for medical care increases because medical care is free.In addition, the government controls costs by limiting hospital budgets, making it difficult to respond to sudden increases in demand, which can delay the provision of medical care.Japan: In Japan, prescription drugs are included in the co-payments for medical expenses because they are covered by insurance. The basic co-payment for prescription drugs is also 30% of the total cost, with a maximum limit set by the high-cost medical care reimbursement system. In addition, there are a large number of pharmacies, and it is possible to immediately receive medicines at a dispensing pharmacy based on a doctor’s prescription. The role of the pharmacist is also important, managing drug combinations and side effects.Japan: In Japan, access to medical services is very good and consultations can be made in a relatively short time. Waiting times tend to be shorter than in Canada, as people can see specialists directly if necessary.However, large hospitals tend to be crowded and wait times can be long, especially for popular doctors in urban areas. Most hospitals in Japan have many beds, so there is plenty of room for patient capacity.8 Drug system and cost-sharing Waiting time and efficiency of medical care
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