13Challenges in Public Health Insurance -Comparative insights from Japan and China-1.Introduction2.Japan’s “universal health insurance” So, does China have a similar system to Japan? The answer is yes. However, although China’s public health insurance system is also considered “universal”, it has more systemic problems than Japan’s. That said, Japan's system is not without its own issues. Let’s first look at the public health insurance systems in both countries. When universal health coverage was achieved in 1961, the medical expense reimbursement rate was 50%, but by 1968, the figure reached 70%.Japan’s current system has the following characteristics, categorized by type of coverage and out-of-pocket payment percentages.(※However, there are exceptions—for example, theamount of cost-sharing may vary depending on themunicipality before children enter elementary school,and people over 70 with income equivalent to workingindividuals may still pay 30%. The remaining 70–90% ofthe costs are covered by insurance premiums paid by theworking population and by taxes from the national andlocal governments.) Do you know what medical insurance is? In Japan, it can be roughly divided into “public health insurance” and “private health insurance”. The former, public health insurance is a type of social insurance system. It is also called “universal health insurance”, and enrollment is compulsory. In other words, everyone in Japan is required to enroll and pay premiums. These shared payments help reduce the financial burden on everyone. 【History 】 Japan's universal health insurance system was established in 1961. But before that, around 1956, about one-third of the population—roughly 30 million people—were not covered by any insurance. Many people died without access to proper medical care. To address this, the National Health Insurance Law was amended in 1958. It made it mandatory for all municipalities to set up local insurance programs, which eventually led to universal health coverage. > Types of Insurance> Co-payment ratio(These three systems together cover the entire population of Japan.)Guan YuqiHitotsubashi University ( Japan ,China )
元のページ ../index.html#14