This comparison suggests that differences in institutional design do not necessarily lead to fundamentally different outcomes under conditions of rapid population aging and fiscal constraint. Despite their contrasting principles, both Japan and the UK are experiencing a convergence toward restricted access to institutional care. This indicates that structural pressures, particularly demographic change and resource limitations, can override normative policy goals, reshaping welfare systems in similar ways. This raises an important question about the extent to which core welfare principles, such as universality or individual responsibility, can be sustained in the face of such constraints.14Conclusion
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